Florida Frontiers

In the 1960s, Dr. Robert B. Hayling was a leader of the Civil Rights movement in Florida. His former dentist’s office in St. Augustine is now a museum. Dr. Hayling died on December 20, 2015, at the age of 86.

One of Hayling’s last public appearances was at the Florida Historical Society Annual Meeting and Symposium on May 23, 2015, where he discussed his life.

Hayling grew up in Tallahassee, the son of a professor at Florida A&M University. At an early age Hayling became aware of racial inequities in America.

“To tease my grandmother a bit, I would ask her, ‘Grandmama, if black and white people can’t get along here on earth, how they gonna get along in heaven?’ And my grandmother would scream out ‘Cleo, come get this boy! God is gonna strike him dead!’ I’m still living, but I still have that question.”

After graduating from Florida A&M University in 1951 with a B.A. in Biology, Hayling volunteered to serve in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War. He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1952.

“At times I would apply for different things that it wasn’t ordinary for a black to have the audacity to approach,” Hayling said. “So I did have some rejection, and then some questioning, ‘Why are you asking for these privileges or those privileges when others of your complexion have not made a disturbance?’ If that makes me a troublemaker, I plead guilty.”

After completing his service, Hayling earned his doctoral degree studying dentistry at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee. He was active in the civil rights movement there. One night, the windows of his dormitory imploded from the shock of a dynamite blast at the home of a teacher across the street.

In 1960, Hayling moved to St. Augustine, Florida to start his dental practice.

While many older African American residents were afraid of repercussions from participating in civil rights activities, Hayling was successful in recruiting younger people to the movement as advisor to the NAACP Youth Council and a local leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

A large cross was erected in a field near St. Augustine in September 1963. The cross was to be burned during a rally of the Ku Klux Klan, which had attracted national leaders of the organization. Hayling and three of his friends tried to catch a glimpse of the rally.

“We never thought that parking on the side of U.S. 1, on the shoulder of the road, looking over into the field where the rally was being held, that we would encounter difficulty. But we looked up and there were two klansmen in the front of the car with big guns, and two klansmen in the rear of the car with big guns,” Hayling said.

Hayling and his friends tried to escape, but were pulled from the car.

“We were taken out of the car with ax handles and baseball bats across our heads, and taken to the speaker’s platform,” Hayling remembered. “We were stacked on top of each other like cord wood.”

The four men were beaten further and threatened with being set on fire. When word came that law enforcement authorities from outside of the area were on their way to the rally, the crowd disbanded and Hayling and his friends were released.

Hayling spent about two weeks in the hospital after being beaten by members of the KKK, but continued his civil rights activities. In February 1964, shots were fired into Hayling’s home, narrowly missing his pregnant wife, and killing the family dog.

In response to the violence aimed at his family, Hayling moved to Cocoa Beach.

In the summer of 1964, national attention was focused on St. Augustine as the Civil Rights Act languished in congress. Hayling returned to the city to coordinate peaceful demonstrations with Dr. Martin Luther King.

The images of peaceful protests in St. Augustine being answered with violence helped lead to passage of the Civil Rights Act.

“From my leadership training in the Air Force, I thought that I could put it into practice,” Hayling said. “I had no idea that St. Augustine would be so reticent and so hard to crack.”

Every week at the end of this column, you are informed that this author is also the host of “Florida Frontiers: The Weekly Radio Magazine of the Florida Historical Society.”

Beginning Sunday, January 3, at 1:30 pm, “Florida Frontiers” will also be a television series broadcast on WUCF-TV Orlando, and other PBS affiliates throughout the state.

The first season of this television series will have ten episodes which will air monthly. Produced by the Florida Historical Society, each program will explore the same types of topics covered in this column and on the “Florida Frontiers” radio program.

“Wherever we go, people are very enthusiastic,” says Jon White, director of media production for the Florida Historical Society. “People are really into Florida history and culture. All over the state, people stop me and tell me they are big fans of the radio show and find it really interesting.”

The producers are hoping that the new television version of “Florida Frontiers” will generate the same enthusiasm and dedicated following.

For the past year, the “Florida Frontiers” television series has been filming at various locations around the state including Tallahassee, Key Largo, Jacksonville, Miami, Cocoa, New Smyrna, St. Augustine, Del Ray Beach, and Lake Wales.

“One of my favorites was Bok Tower Gardens,” says White. “I’m a lifelong Florida resident, but I’d never actually made it over there until just recently when we went to shoot. That was a beautiful place. Seeing that tower up close was really impressive, and then to be able to go into the tower was truly incredible. It’s quite a view of Lake Wales from up there.”

In its first season, the television series “Florida Frontiers” will cover a variety of topics.

One episode is called “Exploring New Worlds.” From the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States to the launch of every manned American mission into space, Florida establishes the boundaries of the Modern Era. Interviews include colonial historian James Cusick and director of the St. Augustine Historical Society Susan Parker. Also interviewed is NASA astronaut Winston Scott. The program includes drone footage of El Galeon and historic moon landing film.

Another episode is titled “The People of Windover.” The Windover Dig in Titusville, Florida was one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the world, uncovering nearly 200 amazingly well preserved ritualistic burials between 7,000 and 8,000 years old. Interviews include lead archaeologist Dr. Glen Doran, archaeologist Geoffrey Thomas, Vera Walker and other people who participated in the excavation, Brevard Museum and FHSAI Director Patty Meyers, and artist Brian Owens who created the Windover Woman sculpture based on forensic reconstruction.

The first episode of the “Florida Frontiers” television series airing on January 3rd is “The Civil War in Florida.” Florida was the third state to secede from the Union, and played an active role in the Civil War. Interviews on location at the Battle of Olustee Reenactment include historian Sean Adams, historic reenactors Joel Fears and Mitch Morgan, and event organizer Gary Dickinson.

“There were reenactors, and a lot of them,” says White. “This was a really dedicated bunch of people. (The temperature) was in the high 20s when we went out to shoot. It was early, and these folks had camped overnight, so they’re really dedicated to this stuff.”

Also interviewed for “Florida Frontiers: The Civil War in Florida” are Keith Holland, who researched, located, and excavated the steamship Maple Leaf, sunk in the St. Johns River by a Confederate mine; and Sandy Arpen, director of the Mandarin Museum and Historical Society.

“It was a part of Florida history with which I was completely unfamiliar, and I don’t know if most people know about it,” White says. “It makes me realize there are probably things like this all over Florida; interesting little museums and pieces of history that people aren’t familiar with.”

White is responsible for many aspects of creating the “Florida Frontiers” television series, from operating the camera and audio equipment in the field to post-production editing. The content is written and produced by this author.

“I’m hoping to learn more and more about Florida history and culture, along with our viewers, as we go deeper into the program,” says White.
 

If sea levels were to rise to the point where the coastline of Florida was submerged, our peninsular state would become a series of islands. At the heart of one of those islands, a neo-Gothic tower of coquina and marble would rise 205 feet into the sky.

Bok Tower Gardens near Lake Wales is on one of the highest points in the state, 298 feet above sea level.

President Calvin Coolidge presided over the dedication of the Singing Tower and its adjacent bird sanctuary and gardens on February 1, 1929. The facility was conceived and built by Edward Bok as a gift to the American people for the opportunities he had been given.

Bok was born in 1863 in Dans Helder, Netherlands. He immigrated to the United States with his family in 1870. He grew from a boy who didn’t speak English to become a confidant of American presidents and a friend to literary figures such as Mark Twain and Rudyard Kipling. He made a fortune in publishing.

“At 26 years old, he became editor-in-chief of The Ladies’ Home Journal magazine, which became the first magazine in the world to have over a million subscribers,” says Brian Ososky, a director at Bok Tower Gardens.

Bok would come from Pennsylvania to spend his winters near Lake Wales. He enjoyed watching sunsets from Iron Mountain and decided to stop plans to build a housing development there by purchasing the land. He hired landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. to transform a sand hill into a lush and thriving garden sanctuary.

Olmsted worked with his father, who designed New York’s Central Park. He landscaped many of the most prominent landmarks in Washington D.C., and served as the first director of the National Park Service.

It took Olmsted six years to create the Bok Tower Gardens, bringing in rich soil, developing an elaborate irrigation system, and planting acres of carefully selected trees, plants, and flowers. The pathways through the gardens all led to the Singing Tower.

“The pathways were all specifically meant to be meandering, and you would slowly go around corners in anticipation of what you would see next,” says Ososky. “All the while you might catch a glimpse of the tower and then it would disappear behind some oaks or behind some other types of trees.”

When the tower comes into full view, it is a spectacular sight.

The tower is a combination of Gothic and Art Deco influences, made of coquina stone from St. Augustine and pink and gray marble from Georgia. It was designed by architect Milton B. Medary, who also created the Washington Memorial Chapel at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and the Justice Department Building in Washington, D.C.

Carved into the tower is a unique combination of sacred, secular, and distinctly Floridian images. The bird, animal, and floral depictions were created by sculptor Lee Lawrie, best known for his “Atlas” statue at Rockefeller Center in New York.

Metal worker Samuel Yellin crafted the large brass doors on the north side of the tower that depict the story of creation, as well as the wrought iron gates leading to the doors. On the south side of the tower, Yellin contributed to the sundial that features a bronze snake amid the signs of the Zodiac and Roman numerals that display the time of day. Yellin’s work can be seen on college campuses including Yale, Harvard, and Princeton, and on numerous churches including the Washington National Cathedral.

Tilemaker J.H. Dulles Allen created the elaborate floor of the tower, and added color to the top third of the structure.

Walking through the gardens, a visitor might hear the tower before they see it.

The Singing Tower houses one of only 600 carillons in the world. It has 60 bronze bells, the largest of which weighs about 12 tons. A keyboard instrument at the top of the tower is attached to clappers which strike the bells, creating music.

“This tower and this sanctuary is unique,” says carillonneur Geert D’hollander. “The gardens are like a natural concert hall. No traffic. Beautiful, peaceful, serene.”

Bok’s grandmother advised him to “make you the world a bit better or more beautiful because you have lived in it.”

He followed that advice.

Just blocks from the bustling urban setting of downtown Miami is an oasis of Classical beauty in a serene and idealized natural setting.

Known today as Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, the 40 room mansion surrounded by acres of meticulously landscaped gardens was originally the home of industrialist James Deering.

As early as the 1890s, the Deering family started wintering in St. Augustine. James Deering’s parents later moved to Coconut Grove, which would become part of Miami.

“James Deering was what’s known as an agricultural industrialist,” says Mark Osterman, guiding programs manager at Vizcaya Museum and Gardens. “His firm created agricultural farming equipment across the United States. It became one of the largest manufacturing firms in the entire world. He was vice-president of the firm International Harvester.”

In 1908, at the age of 49, Deering retired from the International Harvester Company and initiated plans to create a palatial estate called Vizcaya. Deering’s Gilded Age display of incredible wealth in Florida would rival the San Simeon Castle built by William Randolph Hearst in California.

“It’s really unique,” says Osterman. “It’s Italian inspired mainly on the exterior of the home, but when you’re on the interior, especially in the central courtyard, that has Spanish influence, or what we call Mediterranean influence. The house itself is really an adaptation of European traditions brought to this subtropical climate.”

Construction on Vizcaya began in the fall of 1913, and Deering moved into the home on Christmas Day, 1916. Deering wanted all of the latest technology available incorporated into the home, including a telephone, but he had architect F. Burrall Hoffman Jr. design a structure that appeared to be about 400 years old.

It would take until 1921 to complete the fantastic Vizcaya Gardens.

“The gardens were designed by Diego Suarez,” says Osterman. “He was a landscape architect who worked on the project along with Paul Chalfin, who was chief designer of the overall project. Diego Suarez was Columbian born but an Italian trained landscape architect, so the gardens themselves are deeply influenced by Italian estate gardens ranging from the 1600s to the 1800s.”

The elaborate gardens of Vizcaya express the Classical ideals of balance, symmetry, and rational design. The meticulously manicured shrubbery, trees, plants, and flowers are augmented by man-made structures intended to add to the beauty of the natural surroundings.

“Throughout the gardens there are a series of follies,” Osterman says. “These are sort of unexpected moments. They could be sculptural, they could be a fountain piece, but they typically service as end points or transition points within the gardens. The gardens were designed essentially as outdoor spaces or rooms.”

The biggest and most unique “folly” at Vizcaya is a piece of fantasy architecture sitting in the water in front of the mansion. “The Barge” is a concrete representation of a ship designed to greet visitors arriving to the estate by boat from Biscayne Bay. Deering envisioned what would seem to be the back of his home as the front entrance, facing the water.

“The Barge” was originally adorned with shrubbery and fountains, and had a small summer house on board. Today, the structure is the least well-preserved aspect of the estate.

Deering’s grand attempt to control nature was challenged by nature itself on multiple occasions.

A hurricane in 1926, and two in 1935, severely damaged the estate leading to extensive repairs of the gardens. In 1992, hurricane Andrew impacted the property, particularly the Barge. In 2005, hurricanes Katrina and Wilma further damaged the Barge and caused water intrusion into the home.

Deering did not live to see the destruction to his carefully designed estate.

“He was here less than ten years,” says Osterman. “He passed away during a cruise on his way back from Paris to New York in 1925, which was unfortunate, but he did enjoy his winters here staring from 1916 through 1925.”

In 1951, Deering’s nieces, who were his heirs, sold the Vizcaya estate to Dade County and donated the interior furnishings of the house. The property opened as a museum the following year.

Modern visitors to Vizcaya can be amazed by the excessive splendor of America’s Gilded Age in Florida and contemplate the illusion of control over our natural environment.

The Historic Rossetter House Museum and Gardens in Eau Gallie is presenting a free program of Christmas music and stories, Saturday, December 5, from 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm. The Dickens Carolers, dressed in Victorian Era costumes, will perform.

Christmas celebrations at the Rossetter House date back to the early twentieth century.

The last resident of the Rossetter House was Caroline P. Rossetter. In 1921, at the age of 23, she took over her father’s Standard Oil Agency, becoming a successful business leader just months after women received the right to vote in this country. She was the first female Standard Oil Agent, and the longest running, operating the business for 62 years.

During an interview conducted in 1980, Rossetter remembered her family hosting Catholic services before a church was built.

“The first Catholic Masses in this area were held in our home,” Rossetter said. “The priest would come from DeLand. He was Father Michael Curley, who later became an Archbishop. Father Curley was very handsome. He was a tall blonde, with blue eyes, and he was extremely handsome. We small children adored him.”

Having Catholic services held in her home made the Christmas holidays particularly special for Rossetter and her family. Young Carrie and her sister Ella were unhappy when their beloved priest moved away.

“We came home one day, and they had brought Father Curley’s replacement, a priest from Fort Pierce,” said Rossetter. “His name was Father Gabriel. He was from Switzerland, and he was bald-headed, and he was short, and he was far from Father Curley’s appearance. We were very, very heartbroken and very disgusted, and we treated Father Gabriel very coolly for quite some time. Later on, he proved to be one of the great men of his time.”

Eventually, Rossetter and her sister warmed to the new priest.

“He would come up on the noon train, spend the night in our home, and go back the next afternoon on the five o’clock train,” Rossetter explained. “We had Mass in one of mother’s parlors. She’d pull out her Queen Anne table and her best Damask table cloths. That parlor had folding doors that would close. Over in the corner, the Catholics of that area made their confessions to the priest. We closed the folding doors, and we kneeled down by the Father, and we had our confessions.”

The population of Catholics in early twentieth century Brevard County was small. Father Curley helped to establish good relationships with the larger Protestant community.

“He was a great diplomat and did more to develop the feeling of friendship with the Protestants than any priest has done since,” Rossetter said.

By 1914, St. Joseph’s Catholic Church was constructed in Palm Bay.

“Early church services were attended by residents of Melbourne and Eau Gallie who arrived by horse and buggy or by boat and it is said that the primitive road conditions often kept parishioners from attending services,” according to the Historic Brevard Landmark Guide published by the Brevard County Historical Commission.

With the construction of St. Joseph’s, Christmas services and other masses were no longer conducted at the Rossetter House.

Today, the Rossetter House Museum and Gardens invites everyone to celebrate the holiday season with music and stories provided by the Dickens Carolers.

The Dickens Carolers are part of the Brevard Theatrical Ensemble, which maintains a busy schedule this time of year.

“As the holiday engulfs us, and we are subjected to a barrage of sentiment and commercialism, which are often indistinguishable from one another, simpler days seem so much more attractive, and many of us tend to look to the past,” says Lady Gail Ryan, director of the Dickens Carolers.

“Thanks to Charles Dickens and a flood of nostalgia for the nineteenth century, the Dickens Carolers take you on a musical and storytelling adventure into some of the traditions that we now include into the celebration of Christmas, which indeed have been around since before the Middle Ages,” Ryan says.

The Florida Historical Society, which manages the Rossetter House Museum and Gardens for the Rossetter House Foundation, has decorated the home for the holidays. The Dickens Carolers performance is made possible by a grant from the Brevard Cultural Alliance.

Ever since 16th century Spanish explorers realized that Florida was a large peninsula, people have dreamed of finding or creating a “shortcut” linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico.

By the early 19th century, a series of politicians and businessmen envisioned cutting a canal from one side of Florida to the other, creating a direct path for commercial boat traffic across the top of the peninsula.

The Cross Florida Barge Canal would save three days of travel for ships if they didn’t have to go all the way around the peninsula, and could instead cut right through the middle of the state.

In 1935, the Army Corps of Engineers made plans for the Gulf Atlantic Ship Canal, a 30-foot deep waterway that would allow large vessels to cross the state through Ocala.

“As a result of a threat to the aquifer, issues of salt water intrusion, there will be a turn towards creating a barge canal, only 12-feet deep,” says David Tegeder, co-author of the book “Ditch of Dreams: The Cross Florida Barge Canal and the Struggle for Florida’s Future.”

Proponents of the Cross Florida Barge Canal planned a series of locks and dams that would allow a commercial waterway to be created from Jacksonville to Yankeetown, a community north of Tampa and west of Ocala.

With the Great Depression of the 1930s, construction began on the Cross Florida Barge Canal as a way to stimulate the economy and provide jobs. As part of his New Deal program, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a five million dollar allocation of federal funds for the project.

“In September of 1935, 6,000 men are going to descend upon Ocala, Florida, and begin this construction,” says Tegeder. “Ocala is now a boomtown. There’s rapid growth. In one week the city issues ten liquor licenses as a measure of that optimism, and prosperity begins.”

Efforts to ensure that canal workers were being treated fairly were met with violence. In 1936, a labor organizer named George Timmerman came to Ocala to see that workers had reasonable compensation and safe working conditions.

“He is captured, roughed up, and found in the woods crucified, tied to a tree with his lips sewn shut, as a warning that labor activism will not be tolerated on the canal,” says Steven Noll, co-author of “Ditch of Dreams.” “After that, Mr. Timmerman disappears from the historical record.”

The African American community of Santos, about six miles south of Ocala, was decimated by the canal project.

“It is an African American community built around both Saturday night jook joints and Sunday afternoon churches,” says Noll. “It is wiped off the map in the 1930s by the canal. The canal is never built there, but the land is taken from these people either through eminent domain or purchased for pennies on the dollar, and the town is basically destroyed.”

Environmental concerns stalled completion of the canal for several decades. Federal funding allowed construction to resume in 1964, with President Lyndon Johnson presiding over the ground breaking ceremony. By this time, national defense had joined job creation as a rationale for building the Cross Florida Barge Canal.

“The national defense angle is that the canal will provide a sheltered waterway for protection, especially for oil tankers as they traverse the waters from the oil fields of Texas and Oklahoma to the refineries of New York,” says Noll. “They will not be able to be victims to the predatory operations of enemy submarines, whoever they might be.”

Marjorie Harris Carr led a group of environmentalists who successfully argued that the Ocklawaha River must be preserved and construction of the canal stopped. Their arguments were fueled by the use of a gigantic, destructive machine called “the Crusher,” that decimated Florida’s natural landscape.

“This thing could mow down six 80-foot cypress trees in one swath,” says Tegeder. “It basically cleared about an acre an hour.”

By the time President Richard Nixon halted construction of the canal in 1971, seventy-five million dollars had been spent on the project, and it was approximately 28 percent completed.

Today, the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway provides hiking and biking trails on the remnants of the Cross Florida Barge Canal.

Personal attacks and name calling have a long tradition in American political campaigns. When polled, people overwhelmingly say they do not approve of such tactics, yet election results demonstrate that such negative campaigning is frequently successful.

When modern political commentators discuss the divisiveness of contemporary American politics, they often refer to Florida’s 1950 Democratic Primary as an example a particularly contentious campaign.

George Smathers defeated Claude Pepper in that hard fought contest for Florida’s seat in the United States Senate.

A cynical speech supposedly aimed at unsophisticated Florida voters was attributed to Smathers in the April 17, 1950 edition of Time magazine:

“Are you aware that Claude Pepper is known all over Washington as a shameless extrovert? Not only that, but this man is reliably reported to practice nepotism with his sister-in-law, he has a brother who is a known homo sapiens, and he has a sister who was once a thespian in wicked New York. Worst of all, it is an established fact that Mr. Pepper, before his marriage, habitually practiced celibacy.”

This speech has gained legendary status in political circles. It is probably the most famous speech that was never given.

“The idea was north Florida voters weren’t very bright, and if you used big words, you could confuse them and make the opponent sound terrible, simply by saying truthful things,” says James C. Clark, author of the book “Red Pepper and Gorgeous George: Claude Pepper’s Epic Defeat in the 1950 Democratic Primary.”

“Clearly this speech by Smathers was never given,” Clark says. “Smathers offered a $10,000 reward for anyone who could prove that the speech had been given. It’s amazing that Smathers served three terms in the Senate, he was close to Kennedy, he was close to Nixon, did a lot in Latin American affairs, and what he’s best remembered for is a speech he never gave.”

Unfortunately, this piece of political satire is sometimes still quoted as an actual example of campaign tactics in Florida.

Claude Pepper is today affectionately remembered as a champion of senior citizens, but in the decade leading up to the 1950 Democratic Primary, he was a controversial figure.

“Before World War II, he was the leading advocate for a military buildup in this country,” says Clark. “He told everyone who would listen that Hitler was going to be a problem for us. For that he was mocked. People on the senate floor mocked him, called him ridiculous.”

History proved Pepper to be correct about America’s participation in World War II, but not about our developing relationship with the Soviet Union.

“After the war, he thought that the coming issue would be relations with Russia, but this time he guessed wrong,” says Clark. “He bet that we would have good relations with Russia, and if he championed that, he would come out with a better reputation, just as he had with Hitler. Relations with Russia did not get better, they got far worse.”

Pepper visited Josef Stalin, and his stance on communism became a key issue in the 1950 campaign.

President Harry S. Truman and Pepper were political adversaries, and Truman personally asked Smathers to defeat Pepper in the senate race. The campaign was contentious, even though all three men were Democrats.

“I think if these two people were running today, George Smathers would be the Republican, and Claude Pepper would be the Democrat,” says Clark. “Back then, there was no Republican Party to speak of in Florida, and so the real election was the Democratic Primary. Whoever won the primary would get the election.”

Clark points out that even today, there are conservative and progressive elements in both major political parties, and that primary races are where “they battle it out for the soul of their party.”

Although he lost the senate seat he had held since 1936, Pepper went on to serve Florida in the United States House of Representatives from 1963 until his death in 1989.

Smathers would serve in the United States Senate from 1951 to 1969. The library system at the University of Florida in Gainesville and a beach in Key West are named after him.

Smathers is also still remembered for a speech he never gave.
 

The LaGrange community was established in the mid-1800s, between what would become Titusville and Mims. The LaGrange Church, organized in 1869, is the oldest Protestant church on the east coast of Florida, from New Smyrna to Key West.

The original church was built in what is now the northern section of LaGrange Cemetery. A two story log church was built in 1872, at the church’s current location southwest of the cemetery.

The quaint, Wooden Gothic style LaGrange Community Church standing today was built in 1893, with boards surrounding the first floor of the log church. A pointed steeple and stained glass windows were added.

In addition to being a church, the building was a public meeting space, and the first public school in Brevard County.

Walking through the LaGrange Cemetery is like taking a trip back in time. The cemetery serves as a museum of local history, particularly if Rosalind “Roz” Foster, president of the North Brevard Heritage Foundation, is your guide.

In 1995, Foster led an effort to refurbish and preserve the LaGrange Cemetery, following the restoration of the church.

“I saw the cemetery that was adjacent to the church, and it was in deplorable condition, overgrown, and the tombstones were lying on the ground, vandalized,” Foster says.

She asked the Titusville Garden Club to help restore the 1881 gravesite of the town’s namesake, Col. Henry Titus, and the refurbishment of the cemetery continued from there.

“We noticed there was a lot of history here,” says Foster. “Since 1995, it’s been a continuous effort to restore the cemetery. We work diligently to mark unmarked graves, to validate them, of course, with obituaries, so it’s a long and arduous task to do, but we’re happy to do it.”

Foster and her team have identified more than 100 unmarked graves while cleaning and restoring existing tombstones. They have complied genealogies for many important pioneer settlers of the area who are buried in the cemetery. The team mapped the cemetery plot by plot.

The Feaster family plot is in the oldest section of the cemetery. The oldest grave at LaGrange has a very modest marker that belongs to Andrew Feaster, who fought in the war of 1812.

The original undertaker for the community, Andrew Froscher, is buried at LaGrange. He was a carpenter who helped to build the historic Debary Hall in Volusia County. He later used his skills to build caskets for the deceased in Brevard County, and received training in mortuary services.

The largest marker in the LaGrange Cemetery is for the Mims family, founders of the town of Mims. Local folklore maintains that the Mims brothers were relatives of the notorious outlaw Jesse James. “That’s the story,” Foster says with a laugh. “I can’t validate that, but that’s what they say.”

The influenza outbreak of 1918 was devastating to the John Lee Ormond family, with the father succumbing first. “He died December third, the little baby died December fifth,” says Foster. “The mother lasted long enough to care for her dying child, and she died December seventh.” The three are buried next to each other.

The back portion of the cemetery is the African American section, which was particularly overgrown when Foster and her team started their restoration project. They replaced many missing tombstones with granite markers, an effort that continues today.

The most recognizable names in the historic LaGrange Cemetery are found in the African American section. This is where educators and civil rights activists Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore were put to rest.

The couple’s home in Mims was bombed on Christmas night, 1951, which was also their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. They both died from injuries sustained in the blast, and their murders have never been solved.

“Every December there is a memorial service here, paying respect to these wonderful people,” Foster says. “Also adjacent to them are some of the well-known pioneer black families of the area who settled this area in the 1800s. The Stricklands, the Warrens, the Cylers, the Sheldons, the Highsmiths, a lot of them are buried in this cemetery, so we also honor them.”

There are hundreds of other stories in the LaGrange Cemetery, each one contributing to our local history.

People visit the town of Cassadaga, Florida, to communicate with the dead.

The residents of Cassadaga are Spiritualists who believe that life continues after physical death, and that mediums can be used to communicate with those who have passed on to the Spirit World.

The religion of Spiritualism also embraces a belief in hands-on healing.

Spiritualism was very popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The activities of some fraudulent mediums and unqualified spiritual healers led to a distrust of Spiritualism as a whole in the 1900s.

“Because there was a lot of fakery going on at the turn of the century, a lot of Spiritualists were shut down,” says Kristin Congdon, a professor at the University of Central Florida who contributed to the book Cassadaga: The South’s Oldest Spiritualist Community. “Now in places like Cassadaga, they monitor all of that very carefully and are very concerned about the kinds of people who do readings, who do spiritual counseling, and who address the public, so there isn’t any fakery or forgery.”

To the dismay of the Spiritualists of Cassadaga, groups of tarot-card readers, palm readers, unapproved mediums, fortune tellers, and other psychics have established places of business directly across the street from the entrance to the village, adding to misconceptions about their religion.

“A lot of the people who come here don’t want to tell anyone else that they come here, or that they are Spiritualists,” says Congdon. “There is fear of losing their jobs, there is fear of reprisal. Many people who come here come initially out of curiosity. They want to see what it’s all about. Some people feel standoffish about it like it’s a place for witches, or Satanism. There are stories like ‘birds don’t fly over Cassadaga,’ which of course they do. When you really start paying attention to what the religion is all about, it really isn’t so farfetched at all.”

The certification program for mediums and healers can take four to six years to complete, and to become a minister takes an additional two to four years.

Cassadaga hosts church services on Sundays and Wednesday nights.

“A Spiritualist service is basically the same as an orthodox service except for a few things,” says Reverend Jim Watson. “One is that one of the basic tenets of our religion is that we believe in the Continuity of Life, so during every service that we have, there is always a demonstration of the Continuity of Life, or what we call giving messages. We also do what we call hands-on healing, which is something that you see other religions do, but we take it to a little bit more extreme.”

The residents of Cassadaga, as certified mediums, give private readings to thousands of people every year. In the bookstore and information center across the street from the Cassadaga Hotel, visitors can schedule private readings with available mediums.

Different mediums have different styles of giving readings. One medium in Cassadaga touches the back of a photograph and provides information about the people in it without looking at it. Another does “spirit drawings” which she then interprets. Other mediums go into trances. Some see spirits as themselves, or in symbolic forms such as a feather or a landscape. Special trumpets are used by some mediums to facilitate vocal communication with spirits.

“People who have their readings done, they usually say they are incredibly accurate, and that there’s no way the mediums could have known that information,” says Gary Monroe, editor of Cassadaga: The South’s Oldest Spiritualist Community. “It really surprised me. It’s not just one or two people. I would say eighty-five percent of the people who have readings connect to them. They’re not general readings; they’re rather specific and detailed, which really got me thinking about powers that we all possess, and they fine-tune.”

Cassadaga was founded in 1894 by George P. Colby, who said he was led to the property by his Native American spirit guide, Seneca. The town was originally conceived as a winter residence for Spiritualists from Lily Dale, New York.

Recognized as the oldest religious community of its type in the southeastern United States, Cassadaga is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Windover Dig in Titusville, Florida was one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the world.

Nearly 200 ritualistically buried bodies were discovered, wrapped in the oldest woven cloth found in North America. The amazingly well-preserved remains were determined to be between 7,000 and 8,000 years old, making them 3,200 years older than King Tutankhamen and 2,000 years older than the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

The initial discovery of ancient human remains occurred in 1982, during construction of the Windover Farms housing development near the intersection of I-95 and State Road 50. Three archaeological digs were conducted between 1984 and 1986, and the fascinating results of those excavations attracted international attention.

The only comprehensive exhibition exploring the Windover People is at the Brevard Museum of History and Natural Science in Cocoa. The Florida Historical Society Archaeological Institute is in the process of significantly expanding and improving the educational, interactive display.

The Brevard Museum is presenting a “Windover Weekend” November 13 and 14. The exhibit preview Friday evening will include gourmet hors d’oeuvres, wine and beer, live music, and special guests. The exhibit opening will continue on Saturday with a panel discussion called “Windover Archaeology: The Next Generation.” Tickets for all of the activities are available now at www.myfloridahistory.org.

While building upon and refreshing elements of the existing Windover People exhibition, this substantive expansion includes a new, functional archaeology lab for students and visitors to have a hands-on experience, a new video about the Windover Archaeological Dig, and the unveiling of Windover Woman, an artistic interpretation by sculptor Brian Owens based on forensic reconstruction of a Windover skull. You will be able to look into the eyes of a person who lived in Florida more than 7,000 years ago.

“Brian Owens is making great progress on his bust of the Windover Woman, and I feel lucky to have had a few sneak peeks at his work in progress,” says Patty Meyers, director of the Brevard Museum of History and Natural Science, and the Florida Historical Society Archaeological Institute.

“I also recently had the opportunity to visit Florida State University and meet with Drs. Thomas and Marrinan to discuss the loan of Windover artifacts for the exhibit,” says Meyers. “We are still working out the details, but we will be able to share some amazing items with our visitors.”

Visitors to the Brevard Museum over the past few decades will remember that the Windover exhibit features a recreation of the archaeological dig. That portion of the exhibit has been made even more realistic, and a new recreation of an archaeology lab is being added. The lab display is modeled after the area at FSU where work is conducted on the Windover artifacts, from the style of lab table used to the linoleum flooring.

“For every hour an archaeologist spends in the field, approximately five or six hours are spent in the lab,” says Meyers. “With a background in human osteology, I have spent a great many hours in the lab. I am excited to be using this experience to design hands-on activities, which will allow visitors to discover how the secrets of the Windover population were revealed through osteological analysis.”

With only a couple of exceptions, the Windover People were ritualistically buried and placed in the same fetal position, lying on the left side. The heads were pointed west, with their faces to the north. The deceased were wrapped in what archaeologists believe is the oldest existing woven fabric in the world. Several branches were lashed together to form a tripod that held each body submerged underwater, creating a pond cemetery.

The anaerobic environment of the peat bog combined with a remarkably favorable Ph balance in the pond allowed for exceptionally well-preserved burials. Archaeologists discovered that ninety-one of the skulls uncovered contained intact brain matter. The stomach contents of one ancient woman indicated that her last meal consisted of fish and berries. DNA tests on these Archaic Period remains proved that the same families used the site as a burial ground for more than a century.

Experience “The People of Windover” as the improved and expanded exhibition opens at the Brevard Museum of History and Natural Science, 2201 Michigan Avenue, Cocoa.